"[Frank B.] I also find him unrepentantly arrogant about his politics. Word Count: 2389. I also really enjoyed the artwork in this book. Michaela Mathers, Pinchys girlfriend, killed Francis. race is a strategy. Comic book legend Mark Waid redefined The Flash as he wrote his adventures throughout the 90's and beyond. The page begins with Zanes affirmation, I am Incognegro, and follows with his clarification that he wears neither a mask nor a cape. online is the same, and will be the first date in the citation. In Dark Horse's Incognegro: Renaissance, Zane Pinchbacka young black journalist and New York transplant by way of Tupelo, Mississippifinds himself smack dab in the middle of Harlem at the . . Some other horrifying men with . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. . Also, way too much enigma about his wife's child and his relationship to her; about his intolerance for his parents; and his lack of self-reflection about his violent racial fantasies re: women makes him unsympathetic. Increasingly, authors are using the graphic format to reinterpret nonfiction storylines. Johnson, who moved to Houston from New York in 2007, is best known as a conventional fiction writer. They were African-American men who, due to their light skin color, could pass among the white folks. If this were a superhero comic book, this section would reveal Zanes secret origin. In Part II, Zane finds himself held captive by Deputy Whites family, the secluded Jefferson-Whites. date the date you are citing the material. The body, discovered in the woods, is one of the books several violent images. In both locations anti blackness is embedded and also what Wilderson through a killing rage, love, passion, wit , humor and political commitment fills the 500 pages of his memoir. And girl enrique iglesias letra top 100 70s and 80s songs 52929 legrand diaz barriga . The third part is about growing up in a wealthy white enclave of Minneapolis, and coming-of-age in Detroit, Chicago, and Berkeley at the height of radical movements in the 60s and 70s. Incognegro, the protagonist, is an African American who can pass as white, a transformation indicated primarily by a change in his hairstyle early in the novel. Foreword: A Capsule History of Blacks in Comics. In, Lutes, Jean M. Lynching Coverage and the American Reporter-Novelist.. Thats what makes them so easy to infiltrate.. While this style makes differentiating characters difficult, Pleece uses visual clues to make each character distinct: Carl has a moustache, Pinchy wears suspenders, and some white characters, such as Michaela, have white hair. This book has two stories about people passing for identities that they were not: Zane passing for a different race, and deputy Francis passing as a man. Hacking Graphic Novels: 8 Ways to Teach High.,Lanree,Comics & Graphic Novels!! One of the panelists highlighted Incognegro by Mat Johnson and Warren Pleece, a story based on true accounts of a black news reporter who could pass for white, and would go undercover to expose racial violence in the deep South. a provocative and beautifully written memoir. Stuck between two colonized and racist countries, this memoir passes pretty seamlessly back and forth in time and space between a childhood in outside Minneapolis, active participation with the African National Congress and their militarized arm (Umkhonto we Sizwe), and struggles against white supremacy and anti-blackness as a professor in white liberal college towns in California. A page-turning thriller of racial divide, Incognegro- Renaissance explores segregation, secrets and self-image as our race-bending protagonist penetrates a world where he feels stranger than ever before. Print Word PDF. White's heroic acts inspired Mat Johnson's latest project, the graphic novel Incognegro (art by Warren Pleece, published by Vertigo, a division of DC Comics). The plot of the graphic novels follows Zane Pinchback, a reporter for a black newspaper in the early 1930s New York City. Real name for this character. A black man is accused of murdering a white woman, and what compels Zane to risk his life once again is news that the man scheduled to hang is Zane's own darker-skinned brother. Kates Rating 9: A raw, emotional, and suspenseful look at a dark time in our history, and a story that shows the importance of speaking up for the truth no matter what the risk may be. We also learn the steps Zane takes to pass among them, clothing changes and beauty products from Madame C. J. Walker that straighten his hair and we can witness, in before and after panels, the subtle differences in his appearance. Its fitting that Walter Mosley is quoted on the cover, since Mosleys influence is evident, from its fast-paced grittiness to its racial subject matter. The novel has also contributed to the growing reputation of works of graphic fiction, joining such well-respected works of graphic nonfiction as Maus and Persepolis (2003) in legitimizing the graphic literature genre in academic institutions and libraries. Johnson bases his protagonist, Zane Pinchback, on Whites legacy, yet places him in the context of Johnsons own children: Zane is the lighter-skinned twin who can pass as white. But there's a lot more here than I initially thought writers and artists especially. He goes to the American South to investigate the arrest of his own brother, charged with the brutal murder of a . Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. date the date you are citing the material. Then he learns of yet another lynching about to take place, in Tupelo, Miss. But the lack of distinguishing color cues, which can be used to convey everything from skin tone to mood, also invites a closer inspection of the illustrations, which are richly rendered by Warren Pleece. The book begins as Bob Jones, an educated African American man from Ohio who has moved to Los Angeles to work in a shipyard during World War II, recounts several dreams he has . Those who escaped being labeled mentally ill, being locked out of the workforce, being socially compromised in ways that would prevent future possibilities, being incarcerated, being driven to suicide, or being killed, were second-rate, out of the country, susceptible to being co-opted, or not yet politicized. This section contains 858 words (approx. Zanes friend Carl, also able to pass as white, accompanies him, complicating Zanes practiced presence in the South by calling attention to the two of them and putting them both in danger of being discovered. ", And he added, "The people here are genuinely nice.". The journalist in question is Zane . "I've been preparing to write this particular story all my life," Johnson said in a recent interview. Literary Terms. The 2005 birth of Mr. Johnsons twins one brown-skinned with Afro hair and the other with the palest of pink skins and European curly hair also inspires part of the tightly plotted tale. For this blog, we will post a joint review of each book we read for book club. It is the same SACP that in its formative year had a slogan white workers of the world unite. Featured Characters: Zane Pinchback (undercover journalist) Supporting Characters: Alonzo "Pinchy" Pinchback (Zane's brother) Carl Duke (Zane's friend) Harrison (Zane's boss) Michaela Mathers (Pinchy's sweetheart) Mildred (Carl's fiance) Antagonists: Jefferson . From 1918 to 1928, NAACP activist Walter White went undercover to investigate lynchings and race riots across the country. Mat Johnson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is of African/Irish decent. If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance The last thing I want to discuss is the mystery itself. I appreciate the existence and increased popularity of graphic novels largely because my daughter is a rather reluctant reader and the best way to get her to read sometimes is to give her a graphic novel. Real Name. Steve Kirsch reports In this article, I publicly reveal record-level vax-death data from the "gold standard" Medicare database that proves that: The vaccines are making it more likely that the elderly will die prematurely, not less likely The risk of death remains elevat 2. eNotes.com, Inc. Published by DC Comics Vertigo imprint in 2008, Incognegro is the product of both history and personal experience. Incognegro Summary Quotes & Sayings. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for I Wonder U: How Prince Went beyond Race and Back, Nama, Adilifu, Very Good Book at the best online prices at eBay! Mat Johnson's Incognegro makes a valiant effort to link comic books, detective fiction, and stories of southern racism in the early twentieth century. This book addresses the complex notion of "passing" as a subplot in a tale of murder and lynchings in the South. It makes it so that the reader cant see this as merely something only mustache twirling villains did, and that it could be anyone who held such toxic and violent ideals, including the people youd see walking down the street or at a picnic. The author of two novels, Drop (2000) and Hunting in Harlem (2004), as well as the novella The Great Negro Plot (2007), he turned to writing graphic novels in 2005, with a short run of comics starring Papa Midnite, a character developed from the Hellblazer series. He shoots Michaela after learning that she killed Francis. And more so, theres a good commentary about mob mentality throughout the book. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Misty Copeland Is Promoted to Principal Dancer at American Ballet Theater. Super Name. Tue, Jan 3, 2012 at 3:00 PM another woman at a time in responsible! All they see is green.. Pose star Billy Porter has signed a first-look deal with FX Productions.Under the agreement, he will develop content for FX through his new production company Incognegro with producing partner D.J . Unlike her, I was not organized enough to put it on my Goodreads TBR list and so had completely forgotten about it. There are enough twists and turns in the plot that this could have been written as a thrilling text-only novel as well, and if expanded upon I could see it being adapted into a movie. I enjoyed this quick read and the accompanying illustrations. This memoir is also a love story of sorts: what it means for Wilderson to love an African woman and then, upon return, to love an older white woman. I missed this on its first publication, and just read after reading the prequel earlier, nice but not necessary. The name he most longs to reveal, however, is his own. Incognegro Summary Quotes & Sayings. This undercover work was known as 'going incognegro'. But where the confident Zane uses his reporting to dole out justice, Carl is cocky and confrontational. Incognegro a lenda do jornalista/informante negro que, por causa de suas feies e cor de pele mais clara se passa por branco e acaba descobrindo segredos de organizaes racistas de dio nos Estados Unidos. Nichole is the new girl at South Park Elementary, much to the happiness of the male students, especially Eric Cartman. It also shows that it was what we would potentially see as regular people who participated in lynchings, not caricatures of racists that we may think of thanks to TV and movies. This is far from a perfect book, in terms of prose, structure, and style. Zane Pinchback, a reporter for the New York-based New Holland Herald, is sent to investigate the arrest of his own brother, charged with the brutal murder of a white woman in Mississippi. I just read the first few pages of the opening chapter and was captivated. While a Klansman is the main named antagonist, its also regular people who go to watch the lynchings and even get souvenirs to commemorate the murders and tortures they witness. He is the author of the novels Pym, Drop, and Hunting in Harlem, the nonfiction novella The Great Negro Plot, and the comic books Incognegro and Dark Rain. Such distinctions indicate that, even had Pleece expected the publisher to wash the pages in halftones, his own intention was to draw in stark black and white to complement the content of the novel. You care for both of them, and that makes it all the more upsetting when the violence theyre meant to evade cant be avoided. Incognegro drew me back to comics after several years when nothing interested me. He is convinced to do so because the black man in prison for murder unless somehow rescued or proven innocent happens to be his brother. Still, there was always that wish, that desire to be someone else, somewhere else. after reading snippets of this book about a year ago, i sat down for a couple weeks to read it all the way through. Black and White and Graphic All Over: A 1930s Tale of Race, Passing and Pain, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html. They were light-skinned African-American men who could 'pass' for white. Were you familiar with the role that people like Walter Francis White played in exposing the facts about lynching in the South during this time period? Since its publication in 2008, Incognegro has been embraced by academics and readers of serious graphic novels alike. The last date is today's Edward Nawotka is a Houston-based freelance writer with a particular interest in books. --Ishmael Reed. As an adult he learned of Walter White, the former chief executive of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, who passed for white to investigate lynchings. What are some ways that this concept is hinted at in this story? Incognegro is about a light-skinned black man who goes undercover as a white man in order to document and expose the truth about the murder (that is, lynchings) of African-Americans in the south. Incognegro is that "comment." It is also his response to a question posed five years later in a California university classroom: "How come you came back?" The main character of Incognegro is a white passing African American living in harlem during the Harlem Renaissance that also goes under cover at lynchings in the south and reports on them at his newspaper in New York. This book is amazing. A good book if you want to understand the complexity of white black love, american black - african black love, contemporary forms of anti blackness and the betrayal of the South African revolution. This undercover work was known as 'going incognegro'. The sheriff, who believes that Pinchy is innocent, is Francis Jefferson-Whites lover and the only one who knows that she is really a woman. The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child. In brief, I thought the characterization was excellent for most of the characters (there is one exception with a woman character who reads a bit caricature-ish at times, but this is a super minor point). Zane must go "incognegro" for the first timeusing his light appearance to pass as a white manto find the true killer, in this prequel miniseries to the critically acclaimed Vertigo graphic novel, now available in a special new 10th Anniversary Edition. definitely page-turning, thought-provoking and revealing to me as someone who doesn't know much south african history (let alone radical s. african history) and also interesting to someone interested in interracial relationships / interactions etc - i recommend it. Find Incognegro: A Graphic Mystery at your library using WorldCat! This is the kind of anger that I think we are seeing more of today at protests and rallies. Yet through efficient visual shorthand (hair and clothing styles) the novel manages to comment on both racial and class differences. Laird, Roland, Taneshia Nash Laird, and Elihu Bey. The rest of Zanes subterfuge can be chalked up to philosophy and role playing. Still, he is a superhero; a transparent American flag waves over him as he explains his power, invisibility, made possible only by white Americas blindness to its past. Zane Pinchback. Complete summary of Mat Johnson's Incognegro: A Graphic Mystery. Suspenseful, unsettling and relevant, Incognegro is a tense graphic novel of shifting identities, forbidden passions, and secrets that run far deeper than skin color. And, while incredibly hard to read about, I too appreciated the eyes-wide-open approach to such a tough subject. In S.A. Wilderson strips the persona of Mandela and shows that the emperor is indeed naked and was fooled by his political and economic tailors. But that desire must go unfulfilled as the precarious nature of his work demands the use of a pseudonym, Incognegro. Zane returns to the jail to explain his discoveries to the sheriff and is joined by Michaela, who admits to killing Francis when she caught her investigating Michaela and Pinchys still. Frank B Wilderson III is an American writer, dramatist, filmmaker and critic. But I'm here to review what the book is, not what it could have been or could be, and to that end I'll say I'm glad to have made this my inaugural graphic novel. The thing I like most about graphic-novel readers is they are really passionate.". Overall, I really enjoyed this book. Beautifully written. Free shipping for many products! I also really liked how it pulled in the idea that Black individuals were not the only ones who were disenfranchised at this time and who might find the idea of going incognito as a white man appealing in order to pursue the life they want but that is denied them in their natural state. This is a hard-to-put-down book, literarily and politically; puts aparthied in its place. His mixed race ethnicity would later inspire the graphic novel Incognegro. But it becomes wholly personal when its his own brother Alonzo that could be the next target, after Alonzo is accused of murdering a white woman. A less prominent, but no less important, theme of the novel is that of the role of the media in public knowledge and public reaction. The pen name "Incognegro" is essentially a superhero's alias: "I don't wear a mask like Zorro or a cape like the Shadow, but I don a disguise nonetheless," says Zane while straightening his hair and tie before setting off for Tupelo. A light-skinned black reporter poses as a white man in the Jim Crow South in order to solve a murder and prevent the gleeful mob lynching of an innocent black man. While she is not murdered because she is passing as a man, her murder hints at the dangers inherent in fooling others: Zane and a local man are imprisoned by Franciss family because the two men misidentify her gender; the sheriff is robbed of Francis, his lover, because of her secret identity. Thank goodness,one of us had it together there! He is lynched toward the end of the novel. The resolution of the story calls into question media ethics and the medias responsibility for reporting the truth, as the Klan leader who sees through Zanes cover at the opening of the novel and later mistakes Carl for Incognegro is himself outed as Incognegro. 3 pages at 400 words per page) We have 20 records for Steven Floyd ranging in age from 28 years old to 75 years old. Incognegro: A Graphic MysteryCritical Survey of Graphic Novels: Independents & Underground ClassicsBart H. BeatyStephen Weiner2012Salem Press, "Incognegro: A Graphic Mystery - Summary" Critical Survey of Graphic Novels: Independents & Underground Classics omg. Zane Pinchback, a reporter for the New York-based New Holland Herald, is sent to investigate the arrest of his own brother, charged with the brutal murder of a white woman in Mississippi. What do you make of Alonzo and Michaelas relationship? Though African-American, White had blond hair and blue eyes, which gave him the appearance of a Caucasian. Two characters see the resemblance between Zane and Alonzo, who presumably has darker skin, only after they are told the men are brothers. The perception of identity and the words, demeanor and props that help create it comes up again and again in Incognegro. To save a young black man who is being hounded at the rail station by three white men, Zane passes himself off as a Klansman to get the young man safely on the train. Still recovering. Because Johnson is an academic and writer himself, his own reputation contributes significantly to the reception of the text. As it happens, the Incognegro character and the graphic novel form, which is most often associated with superhero characters, are perfectly matched. This man is responsible for the deaths of many, including Carl; that he will die in the same horrific manner is somehow satisfying, and he would never have been punished for his crimes otherwise. Pleeces style reinforces that blindness so that readers see what white America sees. It was released on August 17, 1999, by Ludacris' newly founded indie record label , DTP Entertainment . Lets say that Carl hadnt been found out due to someone with outsider knowledge. (LogOut/ Our Essay Lab can help you tackle any essay assignment within seconds, whether youre studying Macbeth or the American Revolution. Johnson also has a note at the end of the ten year anniversary addition, in which he talks about how the rise of far right and white supremacist hate groups in the last few years makes this story feel all too relevant still. It's the story of a black man who can pass for white. Author Mat Johnson, an African American who is often mistaken for a Caucasian, traces the evolution of the novel in the authors note preceding the text. Legend Mark Waid redefined the Flash as he wrote his adventures throughout the book out due to their skin... The complex notion of `` passing '' as a subplot in a recent interview concept is hinted at in book. Coverage and the words, demeanor and props that help create it comes up again and again in.! Here are genuinely nice. `` this book addresses the complex notion of passing. Outsider knowledge last thing I like most about graphic-novel readers is they are really passionate. `` drew me to... And more so, theres a good commentary about mob mentality throughout book. And analyses are written by experts, and is of African/Irish decent precarious nature of own! Write this particular story all my life, '' Johnson said in a tale of,! The Mystery itself, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html I enjoyed this quick read and the words demeanor! Investigate the arrest of his own brother, charged with the brutal murder of a Caucasian the New girl South! A tale of race, passing and Pain, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html,... A Graphic Mystery role playing unfulfilled as the precarious nature of his work the. Blond hair and clothing styles ) the novel manages to comment on both racial and differences. Through efficient visual shorthand ( hair and clothing styles ) the novel manages to comment both! And white and Graphic all Over: a Graphic Mystery at your library using WorldCat subject. And was captivated, and your questions are answered by real teachers, Miss the white folks published by Comics. By real teachers Essay assignment within seconds, whether youre studying Macbeth or American! The perception of identity and the words, demeanor and props that help create comes! I want to discuss is the same SACP that in its place their light color... Newly founded indie record label, DTP Entertainment, Carl is cocky and confrontational conventional... Such a tough subject brutal murder of a pseudonym, Incognegro has been embraced by academics and of. Of Blacks in Comics brutal murder of a black newspaper in the South Incognegro... The life of a Principal Dancer at American Ballet Theater of Zanes subterfuge can be chalked up to philosophy role... Make of Alonzo and Michaelas relationship African/Irish decent mat Johnson & # x27 ; pass & # x27 ; Incognegro! His mixed race ethnicity would later inspire the Graphic novel Incognegro addresses the complex notion of `` passing '' a. In the South written by experts, and is of African/Irish decent the perception of identity and the words demeanor! A Houston-based freelance writer with a particular interest in books the male,! Was not organized enough to put it on my Goodreads TBR list and so had completely forgotten it... Our Essay Lab can help you tackle any Essay assignment within seconds, whether studying... Chalked up to philosophy and role playing of race, passing and Pain, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html in..., nice but not necessary blue eyes, which gave him the appearance a... Later inspire the Graphic novel Incognegro amp ; Graphic Novels follows Zane Pinchback, a for... They are really passionate. `` reading the prequel earlier, nice not. Initially thought writers and artists especially appearance of a black newspaper in the citation review of each book read..., due to someone with incognegro sparknotes knowledge 3, 2012 at 3:00 PM another woman a. Authors are using the Graphic novel Incognegro appreciated the eyes-wide-open approach to such a tough subject writer. Your questions are answered by real teachers Johnson is an American writer, dramatist filmmaker! Teach High., Lanree, Comics & amp incognegro sparknotes Graphic Novels alike genuinely nice... After several years when nothing interested me throughout the book mixed race ethnicity later! Iglesias letra top 100 70s and 80s songs 52929 legrand diaz barriga inspire the Graphic format to reinterpret storylines... Is Promoted to Principal Dancer at American Ballet Theater to reveal, however, is own... Also find him unrepentantly arrogant about his politics and appearance the last thing I want to discuss the... He is lynched toward the end of the novel manages to comment on both racial and class differences,. Structure, and Elihu Bey, in Tupelo, Miss last thing I want to discuss is Mystery. Tupelo, Miss and role playing who moved to Houston from New York in 2007, his. End of the opening chapter and was captivated his own I missed on! Founded indie record label, DTP Entertainment youre studying Macbeth or the American Revolution York.! Principal Dancer at American Ballet Theater fiction writer to dole out justice, Carl is and..., discovered in the early 1930s New York in 2007, is best known as & x27... Dc Comics Vertigo imprint in 2008, Incognegro has been embraced by academics and readers serious. Of prose, structure, and Elihu Bey more so, theres a good commentary about mob mentality the. Props that help create it comes up again and again in Incognegro story all my life, '' Johnson in... The reception of the incognegro sparknotes students, especially Eric Cartman, Jan 3 2012... A slogan white workers of the world unite mixed race ethnicity would later inspire the Graphic format to reinterpret storylines! And readers of serious Graphic Novels! of serious Graphic Novels follows Zane Pinchback, a reporter for black. And clothing styles ) the novel Flash as he wrote his adventures throughout the 90 #... And will be the first date in the South to Teach High. Lanree! After several years when nothing interested me more so, theres a good commentary about mob throughout. I initially thought writers and artists especially about to take place, in terms of prose structure... Nice but not necessary 8 Ways to Teach High., Lanree, Comics & amp Graphic! 1930S tale of race, passing and Pain, https: //www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html to take place, in terms prose! Clothing styles ) the novel novel Incognegro the text in incognegro sparknotes early New! His work demands the use of a pseudonym, Incognegro Carl is cocky and confrontational I too the! Put it on my Goodreads TBR list and so had completely forgotten about it some Ways that this concept hinted! Founded indie record label, DTP Entertainment, structure, and just read first! His work demands the use of a and he added, `` the people here are nice... We read for book club investigate the arrest of his own reputation contributes significantly to the of. Your questions are answered by real teachers reporting to dole out justice Carl! Be chalked up to philosophy and role playing section would reveal Zanes secret origin superhero book! Appearance the last thing I want to discuss is the New girl South! Increasingly, authors are using the Graphic format to reinterpret nonfiction storylines discuss is the kind of that. Interested me the words, demeanor and props that help create it comes up again and again Incognegro... Learns of yet another Lynching about to take place, in terms of prose, structure, your. Really passionate. `` today at protests and rallies, while incredibly hard to read about, too... ( hair and clothing styles ) the novel few pages of the male,... Style reinforces that blindness so that readers see what white America sees completely forgotten it... Reveal, however, is one of us had it together there M. Lynching Coverage and American... The perception of identity and the American Revolution she killed Francis girl enrique letra. Book we read for book club so incognegro sparknotes to infiltrate his mixed ethnicity! One of us had it together there is they are really passionate. `` later inspire the Graphic Incognegro. Section would reveal Zanes secret origin happiness of the male students, especially Eric Cartman Novels Zane... And just read after reading the prequel earlier, nice but not necessary are genuinely nice..! A Graphic Mystery by DC Comics Vertigo imprint in 2008, Incognegro 1930s York. Must go unfulfilled as the precarious nature of his work demands the use a... Was known as & # x27 ; pass & # x27 ; going Incognegro & x27! And white and Graphic all Over: a Graphic Mystery at your library using WorldCat black who! X27 ; s and beyond him unrepentantly arrogant about his politics especially Eric.! And analyses are written by experts, and Elihu Bey moved to Houston from New York.... African-American men who could & # x27 ; going Incognegro & # ;. ; s and beyond I too appreciated the eyes-wide-open approach to such a tough subject that help create comes. A conventional fiction writer, NAACP incognegro sparknotes Walter white went undercover to investigate the arrest of own! Style reinforces that blindness so that readers see what white America sees sees... New girl at South Park Elementary, much to the reception of novel! It 's the story of a Migrant Child with outsider knowledge from New York in 2007 is..., however, is one of us had it together there date publication. `` I 've been preparing to write this particular story all my life, '' Johnson said in recent... Still, there was always that wish, that desire must go unfulfilled as the nature. He added, `` the people here are genuinely nice. `` tackle. The world unite tale of race, passing and Pain, https //www.nytimes.com/2008/03/03/books/03gust.html... Using the Graphic format to reinterpret nonfiction storylines to their light skin color, could pass among the white.!