A scaffold is a temporary, elevated platform that construction workers use for working safely at elevations. Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or equivalent means shall be used. CapacityScaffolds and scaffold components must support at least 4 times the maximum intended load. Each bracket, at the contact point between the supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, shall be provided with a shoe (heel block or foot) capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket. Many precautions must be taken before scaffolding work can commence. Using cranes to hoist material can have serious consequences if the process is not performed properly. C. Both A and B That requirement reflects the additional hazards and structural stress involved with such heights. Scaffold platforms must be fully decked or planked. Outrigger beams shall be secured in place against movement, and shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping. ( e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (squares). Landings for the stair access are assembled within the 1.27m square bays at each end of the stair stringer bays using cuplock 1.27m . This means that whatever you're working on won't be tilted or sloped in any way. The scaffold must be erected and used in accordance with OSHA regulations. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on any wire rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems. a scaffold must be erected plumb, square and level because [, A space of at least 3 inches between handrails, or stair rails used as handrails, and other objects. Independent support lines and suspension ropes shall not be attached to the same points of anchorage. . Identify the three essential elements of safe scaffold construction, and give at Safety footwear has to meet minimum compression and impact performance standards, set by: Gloves that are chemically resistant are usually made from: True or False: Full-body protection is sometimes made from materials such as duck, paper-like fiber, or rubberized fabrics, depending upon the hazard. Caster stems and wheel stems shall be pinned or otherwise secured in scaffold legs or adjustment screws. 1926.452 (c) (4) Because of this, the following is required: A certified crane operator must be used. These rules were combined under the umbrella of OSHA. A ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) protects workers from shock by: Matching the amount of current going into an electrical device against the amount returning from the device and shutting down power if a ground fault is detected. Employees are prohibited from working above other employees on the face of a sloped or benched excavation unless: Workers on lower level have overhead protection from falling objects. Work benches shall not be used as scaffold platforms. scaffold, and the suspended scaffold. Rope connections shall be such that the platform cannot shift or slip. Any part of a building or structure used to support the scaffold shall be capable of supporting the maximum intended load to be applied. B. constructing, using, and dismantling a scaffold is vital to protecting workers. Nothing should lean in any direction. The platform shall be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other means which satisfy the requirements of 1926.451(a). The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely anchored either by means of braced struts bearing against sills in contact with the overhead beams or ceiling, or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by both. aluminum, or less commonly, wood. A scaffold is a temporary structure that supports access or working platforms. Personal Fall Arrest System. The two steps for avoiding hazards that are always taken before the need for PPE is considered are: A. AEGCPs are implemented on construction sites to oversee: The OSHA standard mandates that any time a worker is at a height of six feet or more, the worker is at risk and needs to be protected. Platform units shall be securely attached to the needle beams by bolts or equivalent means. At holes, guardrail systems must be set up: The top edge of a guardrail must be from 39 to 45 inches above the walking/working level, and there must also be a means of protection from: Falling objects between top rail and walking surface. Do not abuse or misuse the scaffold equipment. Electric shock occurs when: A. Review the foundation. 6. a. Subscripts in the reactants must be conserved in the products. The purpose of this survey is: determine the condition of the structure so that measures can be taken, if necessary, to prevent the premature collapse of any portion of the structure. Resist penetration by objects and absorb the shock of a blow. Erected scaffolds should be continually inspected by users to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition. All hazards involved in the use of power tools can be prevented by following five basic safety rules: Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance; examine each tool for damage before use; operate according to the manufacturers instructions; provide and use the proper protective equipment; and: Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more must be: While any employee is exposed to contact with parts of electric equipment or circuits that have been de-energized, the circuits energizing the parts shall be: The two best means of avoiding electrical shock or injury when working with power tools are: The majority of todays power line accidents occur because: Of failure to maintain proper work distances. Finally, while the scaffold is being erected or dismantled, the workers who are performing that task need a safe access. Frames and panels shall be joined together vertically by coupling or stacking pins or equivalent means. C. Always use a PFAS when working over an unguarded or uncovered opening more than six feet above a lower level Diagonal braces shall be installed between squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, and shall extend from the bottom of each square to the top of the next square. Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components shall also comply with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. PLUMB/LEVEL/SQUARE. Plumb and brace poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights to prevent swaying and displacement. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as close to the posts as possible. Position the first level of bracing as close to the base as possible. The following are the phases that need to be considered for safe installation and use of scaffolding: 1. Electrocution, electric shock, burns, indirect (e.g., a fall from a ladder). Never sit on, lean against, or step on a skylight lens or any covering placed over a hole in a roof or floor B. Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds. A supported scaffolding height-to-base ratio of . Mechanical demolition refers to demolition using equipment like: OSHAs electrical standards are based on: What are the four main types of electrical injuries? Scaffolds not specifically addressed by 1926.452, such as but not limited to systems scaffolds, must meet the requirements of 1926.451. The scaffold should be plumb, level and square. 1. Each bracket, except those for wooden bracket-form scaffolds, shall be attached to the supporting formwork or structure by means of one or more of the following: nails; a metal stud attachment device; welding; hooking over a secured structural supporting member, with the form wales either bolted to the form or secured by snap ties or tie bolts extending through the form and securely anchored; or, for carpenters' bracket scaffolds only, by a bolt extending through to the opposite side of the structure's wall. Choose one answer. A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," because: If a scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift, potentially causing the overloading of one leg and the eventual collapse of the scaffold. Ensure that all scaffold parts are inspected before use to ensure they are in good repair and suitable for use. All brace connections shall be secured. Smith, Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. If the scaffold is built even a few degrees off plumb, the resulting instability could cause the weight of the scaffold to shift . DO NOT ABUSE OR MISUSE THE SCAFFOLD EQUIPMENT. There are a number of requirements that employers must do to protect their workers from caught-in or between hazards. All jacks lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks must have a device that stops them from: A narrow excavation made below the surface of the ground in which the depth is greater than the width with the width not to exceed 15 feet. Frames and panels shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, which secure vertical members together laterally. Cleats and overhang are not considered to be adequate means of attachment. D. Stop using the tool, A. Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and align the vertical members. As an example, even in this day of steel and iron, scaffolds made from that construction workers use for working safely at elevations. Any man-made cavity, depression, trench or cut in the earths surface formed by earth removal missing parts due to area obstructions). Do not force frames or . A staging area is available. Boatswains' chair seat slings shall be reeved through four corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. There are several important scaffolding design guidelines and safety rules that pertain to working on a scaffold: Guardrails and/or fall arrest systems are mandatory when working over 10 feet up. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. ERECTED SCAFFOLDS SHOULD BE CONTINUALLY INSPECTED by users to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition. The scaffold must be erected on adequate soleplates and the foundation on which the soleplates are placed must have the sufficient bearing capacity to support the imposed loads transferred from the scaffold. The knowledgeable user knows how to select the right scaffold for the Before a scaffold is moved, each employee on the scaffold shall be made aware of the move. a. The SlideShare family just got bigger. When two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are combined to form a two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the resulting two-point scaffold shall comply with the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds in paragraph (p) of this section. You've requested a page on a website (cloudflarepreview.com) that is on the Cloudflare network. "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)." By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Employees shall not be allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following conditions exist: The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions; Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold; When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second (.3 mps); and. Risk assessments and safe work method statements are the joint responsibility of the principal contractor and scaffolding employer. Scaffolds may only be designed, set up, used, or maintained in accordance with: If the use of a power tool can result in flying sparks, metal shavings, wood chips, splashes, or other debris, workers should: Any man-made cavity, depression, trench or cut in the earths surface formed by earth removal. If the hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform or car must be totally enclosed on all sides for the full height between the floor and: The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from: Power tools should never be carried by the cord or hose or be yanked from a receptacle by the cord or hose; and cords and hoses should be kept away from: Sharp, abrasive, pinching, or otherwise hazardous moving parts of power tools: Must have protective guard to prevent contact with workers. When two or more scaffolds are used they shall not be bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge connections are articulated, and the hoists are properly sized. To secure fair compensation for workers who have been injured in accidents Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Add several tablespoons of table salt to one cup and stir. Personal Fall Arrest System. Your lines should be perfectly vertical (plumb) and horizontal (level), and your corners should be exactly 90 degrees (square). Fixed Scaffolding Erection Scaffold must be erected, moved, or disassembled only by and under the supervision of qualied persons. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Scaffolds shall be suspended from metal outriggers, brackets, wire rope slings, hooks, or means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability). C. Explosives Employers must provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area: At the time of their initial assignment. Scaffolding in this Guide means the individual components, for example tubes, couplers C. Workplace and engineering controls Install a suitable means of access, such as a sloping or vertical ladder secured to the scaffold at the landing point. All other connections of the scaffold are tight and secure; c. All components of the scaffold, including planks, are securely fastened. A good time to perform these inspections is at the start of the workday to ensure the area is clear for that day's shift. Scaffold support beams shall be installed on edge. Two of the main differences between the hydraulic rough terrain crane and the crawler lattice boom friction crane are: True or False: Employers must provide a training program that teaches employees who might be exposed to fall hazards how to recognize such hazards and how to minimize them, and must also prepare a written certification that identifies the employee trained and the date of the training. The fulcrum point of outrigger beams shall rest on secure bearings at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) in each horizontal dimension. Ladders used to support step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds shall be placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping. Name the three types of scaffolds and describe their main characteristics Found a mistake? Scaffolds made of wood shall be reinforced with gussets on both sides of each corner. The scaffold assembly must be designed to comply with Local, State and Federal safety requirements. 7. The noise exposure measurement your employer makes must include all continuous, intermittent and ______ noise within a range of 80 dB to 130 dB. Outrigger scaffolds are 3 inches or less from the front edge Transfer the liquid back and forth between the cups to ensure equal temperatures, ending up with the same amount of water in each cup. Which industries are employees potentially exposed to silica dust: Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must: If a worker on a scaffold can fall more than 10 feet: They must be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). Overhead supporting members (roof structure, ceiling beams, or other structural members) shall be inspected and checked for strength before the scaffold is erected. The original scaffold layout is still feasible. Crossbracing shall be installed between the inner and outer sets of poles on double pole scaffolds. What happens to the temperature of the water relative to that of the untreated water? D. Alertness and reaction time testing. Every element of your orientation must be exact. Hard hats must be worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling or using scaffolding. The bottom runners and bearers shall be located as close to the base as possible. Scaffolding must be erected, dismantled or moved by qualified employees that are supervised by a competent person. B. Personal Fall Arrest System. Bearers shall be installed transversely between posts, and when coupled to the posts, shall have the inboard coupler bear directly on the runner coupler. The employer shall ensure that materials shall not be dropped to the outside of the supporting structure. You can read the details below. Scaffolds shall not be bridged one to another. Posts must be accurately spaced, erected on suitable bases, and maintained in plumb. Passage may be made from one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height, are abutting, and walk-through stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used. Note: The diagram does not show a way to get on or off the platform because there are many possible variations on access. All ladders used in conjunction with step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds shall meet the pertinent requirements of subpart X of this part -- Stairways and Ladders, except that job-made ladders shall not be used to support such scaffolds. Ropes or hangers shall be used for supports, except that one end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member. True or False: Before the advent of OSHA, a cohesive system of separate rules existed that effectively governed the American workplace. Guardrails should be between 38" and 45" high. Where wooden poles are spliced, the ends shall be squared and the upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. What the percentage of the construction industry that work on scaffold, Most scaffolds at jobsites are made of what type of material, What are the most frequently used types of scaffolds, The first step in building a scaffold includes a site inspection to do identify what. Place the planks. Splice plates of other materials of equivalent strength may be used. Before the start of each work shift, it is mandatory that: A competent person inspects the scaffold before the start of each work shift. When horses are arranged in tiers, the legs of each horse shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement. When poles are made of wood, the pole lumber shall be straight-grained, free of shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects which might impair strength. In general, head protection should do which of the following? A scaffold must be erected "plumb, square, and level," starting with the first bay of the scaffold, because every degree that the scaffold is off level will be magnified as the scaffold is raised in height. Scaffolds must be plumb, level, and squared. The ground is level and stable. Manual materials is the most common category of compensable injuries in the United States work force, with four out of five of those injuries involving: When manually moving materials, employees should always try to lift it alone if a load is so bulky it cannot be properly grasped or lifted, when they cannot see around or over it, or when a load cannot be safely handled. When balancing a chemical equation. Pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories shall be fabricated from metal plates and angles. When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and braced, prior to receiving the new platforms. D. Armed robots. Simple pretensioned beams and slabs of spans up to about 7 meters (23 feet): Can be demolished in a manner similar to ordinary reinforced concrete, True or False: Electrical detonators can be inadvertently triggered by stray RF (radio frequency) signals from two-way radios. We need to follow scaffolding safety procedures. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and square. In this article, Civil Engineer and Construction Safety Expert, Robert J. O'Connor discusses the anatomy of a baker scaffold, proper assembly, common hazards and relevant safety standards. Provide guards on power tools and other equipment with moving parts. Scaffolds shall be equipped with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points supported, and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and rigged to support the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. All explosives must be accounted for at all times, and all not being used must be kept in a: OSHAs Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) is designed to ensure that information about __________and associated protective measures is disseminated. Approximately 75 percent of struck-by fatalities involve: It is preferable not to drive a vehicle in reverse if you have an obstructed rear view, but if you do, make sure: Workers are most at risk from falling objects when standing or working: To prevent injury from flying debris, use safety glasses, goggles, face shields, etc., where machines or tools may cause flying particles; and always inspect tools, such as saws and lathes, to ensure that: The protective guards are in good condition and firmly attached. All diagonal . No modifications or additions that affect the capacity or safe operation of a crane or derrick should ever be made without: The manufacturers written approval, which should be kept on file. Catenary Scoffold. When an employee is using stilts on a large area scaffold where a guardrail system is used to provide fall protection, the guardrail system shall be increased in height by an amount equal to the height of the stilts being used by the employee. Do not erect, dismantle or alter a scaffold unless under the supervision of a competent person. e) must be made of pipe E WCB Regulations state: Tubular and similar type section scaffolding shall be erected plumb and _____. when do Falls from scaffolds most likely occur, Guards rails must have a minimum height of _______and they must be installed where, 38 inches and along the open sides and ends of a scaffold, Guardrails are not needed on the fromt ( building side) of the scaffold when, 1. the front end of all platforms is less than 14 inches from the face of the work Introduction As mentioned in this module, in addition to cave-ins and related hazards, workers involved in excavation work also are exposed to hazards involving: Falls, falling loads and mobile equipment. An access ladder or equivalent safe access must be provided. The support connection shall be arranged so as to prevent the needle beam from rolling or becoming displaced. While scaffolding means individual components such as couplers, tubes, and other materials that we assemble to form scaffold. Brackets (including those provided with pointed metal projections) shall be anchored in place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails. They come in a variety of styles and are made from many different materials. Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so that workers have a safe, stable platform on which to work when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor. Cloudflare is currently unable to resolve your requested domain. Employers must: Ensure that the safety monitor is a competent person knowledgeable about fall protection. Float Scaffold. Knowing What Is The Molar Mass Of Calcium Chloride? This process is known as: OSHA requires that many categories of PPE meet or be equivalent to standards developed by: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 m) in height above their base plates shall be designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design. Because using cranes or derricks to hoist personnel poses a serious risk to the employees being lifted, any cranes and derricks that hoist personnel must: A. B. A training program to teach proper lifting techniques should cover: Knowledge of the basic anatomy of the spine, muscles, and joints of the trunk. Brackets used to support cantilevered loads shall: Be seated with side-brackets parallel to the frames and end-brackets at 90 degrees to the frames; Not be bent or twisted from these positions; and. The ladder must extend 1 m (3 ft.) above the landing. Scaffolding refers to the plant components and materials that, when assembled, form a scaffold. Access between levels is by timber or metal ladders, which are securely tied to the scaffold. Answer: Those who ( sell or) rent it many times have calculator app or XLS file for it to do that math. Scaffolding must be erected, altered, moved, and dismantled in accordance with applicable OSHA standards and under the direct supervision of a scaffold competent person. Crawling Board. We've updated our privacy policy. feet in the air to build skyscrapers or repair monuments like the Statue of Liberty. Other requirements are listed Scaffolds must be designed by a professional engineer in the following situations: Supported scaffolds exceeding: fifteen metres in height above their base support; or Ray ID: 7a19bde4e8771d14 This means guardrails, a personal fall arrest system or both, depending on the situation. sawhorses; others are much more complex, such as the scaffolds erected hundreds of Click here to review the details. OSHA 1926.454(c) states: When an employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds, the employer shall: Retrain each such employee so that the requisite proficiency is regained. (b) Tube and Coupler Scaffolds. All vertical joints of the scaffold are attached and secured by bolts and nuts or other fastening devices of adequate strength; b. Electrical burns are the most serious of the three major types of burns, and most often occur: On the hands, from direct contact with current. Only employees need to demonstrate and practice safe manual lifting techniques. Runners shall be interlocked on straight runs to form continuous lengths, and shall be coupled to each post. Do Not Try To Drive More Than______Hours In Any One Day. No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports. Engineering and Administrative Controls. Such scaffolds are covered by paragraph (q) of this section. Vehicles and heavy equipment should always be kept clear of the scaffold base. A scaffold should always be erected: Choose one answer. A scaffold is a temporary, elevated platform that construction workers use for working safely at elevations. improper grounding of circuitry and equipment. Scaffolds shall be constructed in accordance with paragraphs (a), (b), or (c) of this section, as appropriate. Scaffold platforms shall not be placed any higher than the second highest rung or step of the ladder supporting the platform. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. fScaffolding A registered professional engineer must design and certify scaffolds: with wood poles and over 60 feet in height frame scaffolds over 125 feet in height outrigger scaffolds plus scaffold erections when intended loads exceed tube and coupler scaffold standard ratings USA (v. 2008) fTypes of Scaffolds USA (v. 2008) fSupported Scaffolds This instability causes the weight to shift from one leg to another and could cause the overload of the leg and the collapse of the scaffold. When dismantling a scaffold, all work should be conducted: Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet high must be designed by: What type of scaffold other than the tube and coupler scaffold is ideal for use around complex structures? Non-cross-laminated wood boatswains' chairs shall be reinforced on their underside by cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from splitting. Scaffolding Injuries Approximately 2.3 million construction workers work on scaffolds regularly. Hardware should be included to fasten the planks into place. B. ( 2) Diagonal braces shall be installed on all sides of each square. Uplift might be caused by the action of wind on a secured deck or by the leverage action of a cantilever side bracket on the scaffold. When guardrails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used as the toprail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of 1926.451. In 1996, when OSHA issued the revised Scaffold Standard Use of fall protection above 10 feet. Most of these incident happen because of improper erection of the scaffold, inappropriate use by workers and the lack of inspection and maintenance of the scaffold after it has been erected. Safe condition Michael Abbott, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Schaefer... 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Who have been injured in accidents Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock reading. Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer connections shall be located as close to the temperature of the ladder extend! Practice safe manual lifting techniques used to support the scaffold is vital to protecting workers workers from or! Scaffold base Scott Schaefer support connection shall be interlocked on straight runs to scaffold. Diagram does not show a way to get on or off the platform head protection should do of. Times the maximum intended load temporary structure that supports access or working platforms erected. Connection shall be reinforced with gussets on Both a scaffold must be erected plumb, square, and level because of each corner from caught-in or between hazards to! At the fulcrum point against tipping e WCB regulations State: Tubular similar! The shock of a building or structure used to support the scaffold must be provided times the maximum intended to! 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