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Poverty alleviation, which is a major concern for all Nile Basin countries, could form the basis of a cooperative arrangement between all the Niles riparians. In: Yihdego, Z. et al. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a 6,450 MW hydropower project nearing completion on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, located about 30 km upstream of the border with Sudan. Ethiopia has two major plans for these rivers, which both flow into Somalia, in the form of the Wabe Shebelle and the Genale Dawa power plants. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Africa's Water Tower The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Fact Sheet The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a 6000 MW hydropower project on the Blue Nile, which the Ethiopian government plans to build to fulfill the country's energy needs. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Agreement within Reach, Under-Secretary This is good news for Egypt and Sudan as hydropower means little actual water withdrawal. Elliot Winter is a lecturer (assistant professor) in international law at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. The Dam is being built by Ethiopia on the Nile River and is fiercely opposed by Egypt. Churning waters: Strategic shifts in the Nile basin. Indeed, Principle II notes that the purpose of the [Dam] is for power generation and regional integration through generation of sustainable and reliable clean energy supply. This is crucial given that hydroelectricity generation simply involves holding water back behind a dam for a period of time, and then releasing it again in a managed manner so that the electric turbines can spin consistently. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Source of cooperation or - USGS Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Wikipedia (2012). Subsequent impact studies were performed by the European Investment Bank and the African Development Bank, and in the light of the results, these banks cancelled their funding for Gibe III. However, Ethiopia ultimately refused to sign the draft agreement. As mentioned above, Ethiopias dam-construction strategy is intimately linked with large-scale foreign investment in the agrarian sector and specifically in areas near the artificial reservoirs created by the dams. The above-mentioned Gilgel Gibe III Dam stood out as the worlds most controversial dam until the GERD. Although Egypt has persistently argued that the 1959 agreement between Egypt and Sudan is the legal framework for the allocation of the waters of the Nile, Ethiopia and other upstream riparian states reject that argument. Across Ethiopia, poor farmers and rich business executives alike . International experts analyze impacts of Ethiopian dam They can also cause dispute and heartachefor example, over damage to. Egypt accuses. A regional framework for the management of the Nile already existsthe Nile Basin Initiative mentioned abovewhich is a partnership among the Nile riparian states that was launched in 1999. Most recently, there have been suggestions that the African Union should resolve the disagreement. DISADVANTAGES OF ASWAN DAM the agriculture output of Egypt. Both citizens and governments should be made part of the solution to the water-related conflicts that now threaten peace and security in the Nile Basin. The latter, in Article 2(4), allocated acquired rights of 66% of Nile water to Egypt and 22% to Sudan (with the remaining 12% attributed to leakage). Since 2015, technical reports on the potential impacts of the dam have failed to reach a consensus within the TNC (Maguid, 2017). There are three key articles. "I came to Cairo on my first official trip to the region to hear . Salman, S.M.A. Water scarcity is a growing problem. Link, P.M. et al. This exception was implemented to mitigate the risk of decolonisation leading to boundary wars. Egypt Forced to Negotiate on Nile Dam. An Ethiopian national flag is seen at the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Guba, Ethiopia, on February 19, 2022. A Grand New Dam on the Nile: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, a 1.1-mile-long concrete colossus, is set to become the largest hydropower plant in Africa. Also, the Sudanese Foreign Ministry later held the Egyptian side accountable for failure of these negotiations. Security implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt. The 1959 agreement allocated all the Nile Rivers waters to Egypt and Sudan, leaving 10 billion cubic meters (b.c.m.) It also created a counter message to Egypts powerful the Nile is Egypt narrative that is familiar around the world. All three countries have a vested interest in a properly operated dam. In contrast, other watercourse states on the Nile have lent their support to the Dam. If Egyptian authorities refuse to abandon these anachronistic treatieswhich have created untenable water-use rights that benefit only itself and Sudanall parties will remain at an impasse. Since plans for Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) were first announced in 2011, Cairo has viewed the project as a serious threat to the country's water supply. This includes Sudan, another downstream nation that one might assume would oppose its construction. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is a Big Deal - BORGEN A more recent trilateral meeting mediated by the African Union in mid-July, however, appeared to diffuse the situation with all three countries reaching a major common understanding towards achieving an agreement (Al Jazeera, 2020). Learn the history of Toronto from the city's official website. Such a meaningful resource-sharing agreement should not only resolve the conflict over water-use rights among the riparian states, but it should help define concepts such as equitable and reasonable use and significant harm, which have been used by the downstream states in their criticisms of the GERD. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Nile negotiations break down as Egypt, Sudan accuse Ethiopia of rejecting legally binding agreement. Afraid that a drought might appear during the filling period, Egypt wants the filling to take place over a much longer period. Sudans agricultural and hydropower interests align with those of Ethiopia while it has a strong interest in not alienating its 'big brother' and northern neighbour, Egypt, with whom it shares a long and partly contested border (Whittington et al., 2014). Another difficulty for Egypt is that making this argument (i.e. Moreover, after the completion of the GERD, Egypt could run short of water if the operation of the GERD was not carefully coordinated with that of the AHD. In response, Ethiopia threatened military force to defend the dam and protect its interests (The New Arab, 2020a). Nevertheless, it is important to take stock of the human costs, social problems, and lasting environmental impacts of this strategy which have already drawn considerable criticism and concern. Match. The Danger of Multi-Party Democracy and Free Elections in Plural Societies Recognizing the Muslim Brotherhood as a Legitimate Player in Egyptian Politics was a Big Mistake Ethiopian Partnering with ASKY to Establish West African Cargo Hub Ethiopia and China's ZTE singed $800 million mobile deal H and M to build factories in Ethiopia In the imperialist age, Ethiopian emperors threatened to alter the course of the Nile and stop its flow to Egypt. The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. For nearly a century, as a legacy of colonialism, Egypt enjoyed what Tekuya referred to as a hydro-hegemony over the Nile; despite Ethiopia contributing 86% to its waters. Recently, the tensions among Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile have escalated, particularly after Ethiopia announced that it had started filling the GERDs reservoir, an action contrary to Egypts mandate that the dam not be filled without a legally binding agreement over the equitable allocation of the Niles waters. I agree with the delivery of the newsletter. However, the DoP lacks these key traits, and these omissions suggest that it may simply be a non-binding declaration designed to ease political tensions and to illuminate a way forward. At stake, too, is . "Today as you see behind me . The researchers looked at the dynamic interactions between the Nile's hydrology and infrastructure and Egypt's economy. However, this threatens the basin's long-term sustainability (as water use expands beyond what is environmentally feasible) and suboptimal in terms of capital allocation (as higher water use upstream may make downstream projects uneconomical (Swain, 2011). Basically, Ethiopia should cooperate with the other riparian states in developing and adopting an effective drought mitigation protocol, one that includes the possibility that GERD managers may have to release water from the reservoir, when necessary, to mitigate droughts. Although Khartoum initially opposed the construction of the GERD, it has since warmed up to it, citing its potential to improve prospects for domestic development. The GERD has become a new reality challenging the traditional dynamics in the Nile River Basin. The GERD and the Revival of the Egyptian-Sudanese Dispute over the Nile Waters. Sima Aldardari. The 10-year filling time of GERD will likely contribute to fastened salinisation in Egypt. grand ethiopian renaissance dam. It's very unpredictable and it can be very dangerous," says Pottinger. Copyright 2023, JURIST Legal News & Research Services, Inc. Elliot Winter | New Castle University (UK), Egyptian Water Security and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Why Ethiopia has the Upper Hand, Vienna Convention on the Succession of States, history of copyright in the United States. Moreover, it arguably prohibits any reduction of flow to Egypt by limiting Ethiopias use of the Dam to electricity generation alone. The grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (eg) - SlideShare 67K views 6 months ago ETIOPIA The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, on the Blue Nile, is located around 14 km upstream of the Ethiopian-Sudan Border, at around 700 km from the Capital. As a result, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has recognised water security as a possible threat to international peace. Tawfik, Rawia Discussion Paper 5/2015 . Owned and operated by the Ethiopian Electric Power company, the 145-m-tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam . (eds.). Ethiopia says second filling of Renaissance Dam complete Consequently, under the principle of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt, it could demonstrate that those treaties cannot bind it as it was a third party and did not give its consent. The dispute has prompted numerous international interventions, including by Gulf Arab states, which have issued political statements and led mediation efforts. PDF Negative Impact of Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Population on - AJER The Nile is not a boundary-delimiting river, hence Ethiopia would almost certainly argue that the exception should not be applied here. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and the Ethiopian Challenge of With regard to the mega-dams, the Gilgel Gibe III Dam and the GERD speak volumes on the substance of Zenawis political ideology. Given the importance of water to Ethiopian agriculture, it resulted in the tragic irony that, as Thurow put it, the land than feeds the Nile is unable to feed itself. The status quo started to change when Ethiopia began construction of the Dam, just east of its border with Sudan, in 2011. (PDF) Benefit of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) for In the end, all 11 riparian states must understand that the way forward calls for the establishment of a meaningful resource-sharing agreement, one that sees and recognizes the Nile River as a regional watercourse. At the same. The Kenyan Lake is heavily dependent on the fresh water and vital nutrients supplied by the rivers annual floods, making it a paradise for fisheries. Indeed, Sudan had initially opposed the Dam but changed its position in 2012 after consultations with Ethiopia. Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam. Perhaps the most significant project in the 2003 plan was the Chemoga-Yeda Hydroelectric Project, a series of five small dams on Blue Nile tributaries and two dams on the Genale River with a couple more envisioned for a later phase. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 79-110. Disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Already, the United States has threatened to withhold development aid to Ethiopia if the conflict is not resolved and an agreement reached. It is perhaps the most glaring demonstration of environmental or climate injustice that the youngest continent (60 percent of the population is below the age of twenty-five) is also the one that has historically least contributed to the industrial emissions of greenhouse gases yet is likely the one that will be hardest affected by meteorological Sudan and Egypt, which rely most heavily on the . These parallel developments appear to be elements of a bigger hydro-political strategy wherein the riparian countries aim to increase their water utilisation to put facts on the ground (and underpin legal claims based on those uses) and increase their bargaining position for renegotiations of volumetric water allocations. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will increase energy generation and development in Ethiopia, but it may have unwanted consequences for other Nile River users. Ethiopia should get its fair share of water that originates in Ethiopia. 4. Following the fall of Mengistu Haile-Mariams regime in Ethiopia in 1991, Ethiopia experienced a remarkable rise in the construction of dams and hydroelectric power stations. Third, Egypt should abandon continued references to its so-called natural historical rights (i.e., the water rights granted Egypt by the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and the 1959 Agreement between Egypt and Sudan). The current global energy crisis may help in this regard in the sense that Egyptians may find the allure of discounted hydroelectric energy stronger than ever before. In addition, no independent, multilateral Environmental and Social Impact Assessments has been carried out suggesting that Ethiopia is reneging from the 2015 Declaration of Principles (Kandeel, 2020). It seeks to build an infrastructure for regional water hegemony, positioning it, at the very least, in such a way that it can exchange water for oil. Even then, the initial studies did not extend beyond the borders with Kenya. Egypt wants control and guarantees for its share of Nile waters. Since its inception, there have been two, highly contentious, products. The drying up of this in Central Asia has been called the worlds worst environmental catastrophe. According to Article 16, former colonies do not inherit the treaty obligations of their former colonial rulers and instead receive a clean slate. However, Egypt could argue that the territorial treaty exception, under Articles 11 and 12, applies whereby colonial treaty provisions concerning boundaries must survive the impact of succession and bind successor states. It can be demand-driven, typically caused by population growth, and supply-driven, typically caused by decreasing amounts of fresh water often resulting from climate change or a result of societal factors such as poverty. This was an attempt at a wholesale replacement for the Nile Waters Treaties. Fast Track Approach to Design and Construction at Grand Ethiopian An argument could be made that some of its provisions have passed into customary international law, however, that would require clear general practice and opinio juris. (2020). Addis Ababa has said the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a $4bn hydropower project, is crucial to its economic development and to provide power. (2017). That seems unlikely given that the DoP concerns the Dam alone and was agreed only between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan; whereas the Nile Waters Treaties concern the whole Nile Basin and involve many more states. Since then, there has been a constant stream of complaints regarding the social and environmental impacts on downriver areas, including large displacements of local populations. Von Lossow, T. & Roll, S. (2015). The New Arab (2020b). Gebreluel, G. (2014). Maguid, M.A. The countrys 2003 development plan introduced many more, and the Ethiopian government launched an ambitious PR campaign to encourage donor nations and international funding agencies to support these projects financially and ideologically as the highway to Ethiopian development and prosperity. The Watercourses Convention aims to regulate the uses, as well as the conservation, of all transboundary waters above and below the surface. In contrast, if water from the Dam were to be used for irrigation purposes by Ethiopia (i.e. [35] The lack of international financing for projects on the Blue Nile River has persistently been attributed to Egypt's campaign to keep control on the Nile water share. Location l Formerly called as project x then known as the Millennium Dam then it renamed to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Learn. Review a brief history of copyright in the United States. Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law 2017. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will have negative impacts not only on Egypt but also on poor communities in Ethiopia as well as on its Nile Basin neighbours. The toll on the local communities affected by the dams has been enormous. A major reason the GERD is so controversial today is that it has not been subjected to thorough safety and impact studies, which could pose a grave threat to downriver nations. Improved relations among Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Sudanese can go a long way in enhancing the ability of their leaders to negotiate and adopt agreements that reflect the interests of citizens, especially regarding economic development and poverty alleviation.