BO&lfLYAqhF? w]I11q=)>6z;0F lzb@/W +~:ZXu{I>Q5m *kS9TF)D\>~]oQ,Kmrv6L={FXxB7zs(&X0(q53K&z)1S0<1/7t6E].5~\r\Y!h=98`A %[SEeS[74r1_`(F~=R\#fs5:ny`B` 5_ge_Mmx[ u;#ymA2K=d a^i)tUX"cpCBV!a~cX{>X0\2SqgR5lKAWWQ$|5x"mLUU%,]Ndz0-m~|2='[1a2 dEq6c]%UD3,Ph Ferdinand spent a long career as a senior colonial official in East Africa, mostly in Kenya, from the 1920s to the 1950s. Both castles were ultimately destroyed by fires: Varel in 1751 and 1817, then gradually dismantled, and Kniphausen in 1708, never rebuilt. The Glorious Twelfth, which heralds the start of the country's grouse shooting season, has been cancelled at the late Duke's Abbeystead estate, as a mark of respect. Today it is in private hands and not open to visitors. When he died in 1711, his estates went to his daughter Henrietta who married another politician, Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimer (son of the more famous first minister of Queen Anne), though the name Holles and the title Newcastle went to his nephew, Thomas Pelham. The Cavendish family, founded on Tudor wealth in the 16th century (Welbeck was of course another dissolved abbey) had been divided in the early 17th century into the Devonshire line and the Newcastle lineboth of these were dukedoms and will be explored in a separate post for the mighty Cavendish family. The Duke of Westminster owns more of Britain than the Queen, through an estate that can trace its history back hundreds of years. It sits within an area known as the Dukeries. In 2005 it returned to use as a private residence by the heirs of the last duke of Portland, the Anglo-Italian William Parente, Prince of Castel Viscardo. The Adam brothers' celebrated street improvements at Mansfield Street and Portland Place, carried out from the 1760s on the Marylebone estate of the Dukes of Portland, are among the many significant buildings covered by the Survey of London's forthcoming volumes on South-East Marylebone. The Duke of Sutherland, one of the wealthiest landowners in Scotland, faced straitened times after the First World War. and was very well informed about their condition. 'Bulstrode Hall, Buckinghamshire', by Corbould, published 1787. Made up of 133,100 acres across the UK, the Duke of. This province, which for centuries was not independent, but property of the bishops of Utrecht, takes its name from the fact that it is across the River IJssel. In 1814, his superiors, supporting a full Bourbon restoration, sent him away from Sicily, north towards Tuscany where he was tasked with pushing out another of Napoleons sisters (Elisa) from her rule there. Over three centuries later, one family, the Bentincks, still benefit from this relatively brief merging of national interests. Portland. It was said that when he went to London, his carriage was put directly on the train so he never had to see anyone, and he rarely left his residence, Harcourt House on Cavendish Square. van Brakell. Lady Isle 3. It has a further 11,000-acre estate in the English Midlands. He had no sons, but from a second marriage left three daughters: the eldest of these was Nina Cecilia, who seems to have preferred Cecilia, but Id love to know for certain. The duke's 96,000 acre estate say it costs between 20,000 and 30,000-a-year to maintain the lodge. 1 bedroom flat for rent in Duke Street, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 1AG, BN1 for 1,025 pcm. New guide apps have been introduced and Mandarin . After the great re-organisations of the 1800s and 1810s there was some consolidation on Highland estates, as managers and owners hoped the crofting population would bed-down into their new lots and employment (principally fishing and the production of kelp). As a result, all his honours became extinct on his death in 1688. [)~qY0 R[j3 Fe]=Kr_!N@Lof);A25 L$f"Ap*0>-kJ)N'm#5n5 NJG#UDXK#(B{DHzJvL1\ XT Today Gary Ramsay Bentinck (b. At long last we can finally share our new version of issue 8: Duke and Disorderly which tells the story of a posh duke with a very long name: William John Cavendish Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (17 September 1800 - 6 December 1879). Many are incredibly old; the country has many in ruins but also many are still in use. Marketed by Jack Smith Estate Agents, Hove . This alternative title died with him in 1698. Meanwhile there are also still Dutch barons too, in various branches of Schoonheten, Bevervoerde and Buckhorst. As with Welbeck, the seat passed down through the Portland line of descent, and was given to the nation by the 7th Duke of Portland in 1945. It was constructed between Kilmarnock and Troon by William Cavendish-Bentinck, Marquis of Titchfield, between 1808 and 1812. For more than 500 years, Inveraray Castle has housed the chieftain of one of the world's best-known family clans, the Clan Campbell. The summary includes a brief description of the collection(s) (usually including the covering dates of the collection), William John Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland (17 September 1800 - 6 December 1879), styled (named) Lord John Bentinck before 1824 and Marquess of Titchfield between 1824 and 1854, was a British Army officer and peer, most remembered for his eccentric behaviour. (4) He obtained an Act of Parliament to make Troon's Harbour commercial with wet . This was a new house built in the 1680s by the Lord Chancellor, George Jeffreys, and soon after sold to Lord Portland. 4 0 obj Hendrick Bentinck t Veldes sons and grandsons married heiresses and founded several different branches that co-existed well into the 19th century (though interestingly some of them remained Catholic after the Reformation while others firmly embraced Calvinism). a tramroad or 'plateway' and was nine and a half miles long and ran Bentinck would later deliver important messages from William to his uncle (and now father-in-law) King James in the 1680s, and was key in organising ships and funds for William to mount his invasion of Britain in November 1688. He notably served as Master of the Horse between 1886 and 1892 and again between 1895 and 1905. Best Price (Room Rates) Guarantee Check all reviews, photos, contact number & address of Duke of Portland Boathouse on the shore of Lake . Lady Margaret married William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland, and her estates were inherited by the 3rd Duke on her death in 1785. Moved Permanently. After World War II Welbeck was leased to the Ministry of Defence who operated an army training college there. Duke of Portland Boathouse on the shore of Lake Ullswater ideal for a romantic break, Cumbria - Book Duke of Portland Boathouse on the shore of Lake Ullswater ideal for a romantic break online with best deal and discount with lowest price on Homestay Booking. The senior line became lords of Aller, and became extinct at the end of the 18th century. While Marquis of Titchfield he sat in the House of Commons and later as Duke in the Lords, he had limited engagement with politics, which he left to his father, brother-in-law . The Duke of Westminster. 1812. 113 Portland Road Hove BN3 5DP. The King of Self Pity 7. Much of the oldest parts burned in 1900 and were rebuilt. Great Estates of Scotland This stunning series takes an in-depth look at the fascinating stories and inner workings of four of Scotland's most magnificent country estates, through the eyes of not only the current owners and the ghillies, gardeners, and housekeepers that keep them running, but also from the viewpoint of the paying guests who frequent these sumptuous country estates. Like Titchfield Abbey it was also built by Premonstratensians, in about 1140and by the 16th century it was the head of this Order of monks. Table of Contents Show Abbotsford House Abbotsford House The Duke also owns estates in Canada and Spain and is said to be worth 7.8billion. Anxious to reward his close friend and supporter, [Hans] William Bentinck, William created him Baron of Cirencester, Viscount Woodstock and Earl of Portland in February 1689. All of the various Dutch baronial lines of the House of Bentinck were confirmed as barons de lEmpire in 1813, and when this fell, they were confirmed as barons of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands. >C[(E|zVsA!V|> R*286q!7{W.%:$ O7/&*qmz9ivm9('P ?Q(D+4hU-Sw Titchfield Abbey had been founded by Premonstratensian monks in the 1220s, and was a frequent resting point for royalty travelling between London and Winchesteras well as the site of a royal wedding in 1445, between Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. At nearly 80 years old., the 5th Duke had outlived his two closest male heirs, his cousins Charles and Arthur. nuna revv stroller compatibility accounts krafton com claim best tasting menus toronto duke of devonshire estate office eastbourne 25 Feb/23 (No Ratings Yet) He lives in Aberdeenshire. mP}O'x6(L'~&Pu)!j?QtlO=r+q twQ(8-Lq O@Buk#J=F!5(GLIm5neRpBS%9 ]GM#M9.F> #s%qS1kl;X>+ Ue>1!#IAMJ^/I[XDl>[9zgE |g!GE The modern Harley Gallery at Welbeck is named for her. His son James, the 14th Earl of Glencairn, sold the estate to Henrietta, 'the rich Miss Scott', eldest daughter of General John Scott of Balcomie, Fife in 1786. Hans Bentinck came to England with The rest of this story is well known. In 1881, before she turned twenty, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck married Lord Glamis (Claude Bowes-Lyon), heir to the Scottish earldom of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Monarchs were entertained there, as were eminent authors and poets. The first documented ancestor is Johan or Jan Bentinck, who owned land in a region known as the Veluwe, a gentle hilly region that formed the northern part of the duchy of Gelderland (or Guelders). I have done extensive research using the rental records in particular, which cover Buccleuch estates in . William III had created many new dukes for this reason, so it seemed natural; plus, Henry Bentinck was now even wealthier than his father, as he had married a significant heiress, Lady Elizabeth Noel, daughter of the Earl of Gainsborough and heiress of Titchfield Abbey and its estates in Hampshire. But at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, the Count of Aldenburg was denied a restoration of his sovereignty (however miniscule) and became a vassal of the Grand Duke of Oldenburg. 6ORN){] Gw2S8h1f1 >l*RqA*Q59@}$K;hl4}CT/i]XCQ$\ Sutherland Estates. It was inherited by Henry Noel Bentinck, as 11th Earl of Portland. Once William and Mary were formally proclaimed king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland, Bentinck was appointed Groom of the Stole (one of the most intimate court offices, in charge of the Kings private spaces within the palace), First Gentleman of the Bedchamber, and was given the titles Earl of Portland, Viscount Woodstock and Baron Cirencester. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, GB/NNAF/F86113 (Former ISAAR ref: GB/NNAF/F9541 ), Cavendish-Bentinck family, Dukes of Portland. William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland PC (24 June 1768 - 27 March 1854) was a British politician who served in various positions in the governments of George Canning and Lord Goderich. This double windfall of two generations of heiresses brought two major new properties from the Cavendish family, in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire: Bolsover Castle and Welbeck Abbey. Nottingham, NG7 2NR, telephone: +44 (0) 115 951 4565 I am also a musician and an avid traveler. Jack Smith Estate Agents, Hove. William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland, KG GCVO TD PC DL (28 December 1857 - 26 April 1943), known as William Cavendish-Bentinck until 1879, was a British landowner, courtier, and Conservative politician. In 1538, the monastery was dissolved and given by the Crown to Richard Walley of Screveton, and was later purchased (1599) by the 7th Earl of Shrewsbury and resold in 1607 to his half-brother Charles Cavendish. Today the estate is in divided ownership, though part of it is a grade II listed landscape on English Heritage's Register of Parks and Gardens of special historic interest. Its territory was sandy and marshy and full of woods and heath, so was often a preferred hunting ground for Dutch nobles. . His son, William, 7th Duke of Portland, had been an MP for many years (officially as Marquess of Titchfield, but known as Chopper), and succeeded his father as Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire (until 1962), and was also Chancellor of Nottingham University. The familys prominence at court was maintained after his death by his second wife (Jane Temple), who was appointed governess of the daughters of the Prince of Wales (the future King George II), and by his son, the 1st Duke of Portland (below). He died in Paris only a few years later. (tbk-?VF6S=X>NP $0Hsw,} X$:/hkvV He also retained lands in England as lord of the manor of Terrington in Norfolk, not far from Kings Lynn. S1 E4 - 55m 25s. Much further to the north, Bothal Castle was part of the Ogle succession that had fallen to the Cavendishes by marriage in the 1590s. The Duke served in Pitts administration as Secretary of State, Home Department, from 1794, and oversaw the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800. There are other Bentinck lines in England: another younger son returned to England in the 18th century to manage the estates at Terrington in Norfolk. He would play an important role in Dutch politics later in the century as one of the leaders of the Orangist party who helped re-establish the position of Stadtholder in 1747, and was a delegate for the Netherlands at the peace talks at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, that ended the War of Austrian Succession. The Countess was the heiress of an Imperial county formed in the late 17th century out of fragments of the ancient county of Oldenburg (of which Aldenburg was an older variant spelling), which had passed into possession of the House of Denmark on the extinction of its legitimate male line. The local town retains a memory of its long British connections, with a pub named the Duke of Portland. privacy policy. The Cavendish property that became the main seat of the dukes of Portland was Welbeck Abbey. In her will, she gave Doorwerth to another grandson, Vice-Admiral William Bentinck (1764-1813) of Terrington St Clement, Norfolk. The Duchess, Margaret Harley, was better known than her husband, as a prominent bluestocking (the name for a circle of women intellectuals in this period) famous for her botanical gardens and her museum at Bulstrode, noted above. Via Grosvenor Estates, the 62-year-old Duke is the richest property developer in the UK. 1851 - 1852 - Alexander Woodburn, Born in 1768, William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck succeeded as 4th Duke of Portland in 1809, on the death of his father, sometime Prime Minister and Whig leader. 1825-1855: the 'Second Wave' of clearances and the Great Highland Famine. Hendrick also took on the important post of Drost of Salland, sort of equivalent in English to a local sheriff or seneschal. At the 2nd Earl of Oxford and Mortimers death, Brampton Bryan passed to a collateral branch of his family, but I think (and happy to be corrected) that the Wigmore estate came to the Bentincks. HENRY BENTINCK, Earl of Portland till 6 July 1716, when he was created Marquess of Titchfield and DUKE OF PORTLAND. His son predeceased him in the 1960s, and with no male heir when he died in 1990, the dukedom ceased to exist. The rugged landscape of the Queensberry Estate is the ideal location for windfarms and Buccleuch have helped facilitate these in the local area, including the two turbines now owned by the community group Propel.In addition, the former opencast mine site at Glenmuckloch has potential for a pumped storage hydro system. % discovered that the 6th Duke of Portland had feued 9 plots of land to build 9 houses on the west side of Grange Terrace in Kilmarnock. The Duke of Portland by The Duke of Portland, released 28 April 2020 1. his estates", and construction started in 1808. The titles, but not the lands, went to a distant cousin, Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, who became the 8th Duke at age 89 in 1977. Sir Charles Cavendish, third son of Sir William Cavendish of Chatsworth (Derbyshire), acquired Welbeck (Nottinghamshire) in 1598 and Bolsover (Derbyshire) in 1608, both from the Talbot family. It was the 4th Dukes younger brother, Lord William Bentinck, who was the more fascinating figure, however. Although he never visited any of his Ayrshire estates after But he died of a brain abscess before he reached thirty. 1807. In the late 19th century it took on its modern appearance, as its white plaster walls were re-covered (on three sides) with red brick. William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland, KG, GCVO, TD, PC, DL (28 December 1857 - 26 April 1943), known as William Cavendish-Bentinck until 1879, was a British landowner, courtier, and Conservative politician. There was also gas lighting in the tunnels themselves, as well as some skylights. The Lyon family were Angus landowners from the 14th century, created Baron Glamis in 1445, and Earl of Kinghorne (later adding Strathmore) in 1606. Only the garden centre and a newly built art gallery is open to the public. It was a medieval fortress built to overlook the Scarsdale and the eastern edges of the Derbyshire dales (what today we might call the valley of the M1). be inherited by a descendant of Henrietta's. Doorwerth was a small estate near Arnhem in the province of Gelderland, The Netherlands. The Countess was known as one of the grand hostesses of the era, and her daughters entered high society, where the youngest of them, Lady Elizabeth, caught the eye of the Duke of York, and married him, in 1923. Hans Willem, Lord of Rhoons connections to England started earlier than the Anglo-Dutch Moment of 1688-89. endobj Connect with the University of Nottingham through social media and our blogs. The 11th Earl was a direct descendent of William Bentinck, 1st Count Bentinck of the Holy Roman Empire, son of the 1st Earl of Portland by his second marriage. In I am a historian of monarchy and the high aristocracy of Europe. Simplified family tree showing the line of descent of the Earls and Dukes of Portland(click to open in PDF format), Family tree of the Bentinck family, Counts of the Holy Roman Empire (click to open in PDF format), Biographies of the Earls and Dukes of Portland, Kings Meadow CampusLenton Lane The tunnels connected the main house to the kitchen gardens, stables and a large riding houseequipped with gas lighting! many of the street names bear witness to his investment in the town Wanlockhead, a village of about 200 people, has agreed to pay Buccleuch Estates, the duke's property company, nearly 1.5m for 3,863 acres of moorland, brownfield land and pasture, after four. Henrietta married the Marquis of Titchfield - later the 4th Duke of Portland - in 1795. Stephenson. One of his estates, Queensberry, includes the Lowther Hills and covers over 33,500 hectares. Regulations 2007 or the Home . William John Cavendish-Bentinck-Scott, 5th Duke of Portland (1800-1879) William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland (1857-1943) William Arthur Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland (1893-1977) Ferdinand William Cavendish-Bentinck, 8th Duke of Portland (1888-1980) Just before she died, in 1786, the Duchess acquired one of the most famous pieces of glass in the world, a 1st-century Roman vase now known as the Portland Vase, deposited in the British Museum for safe keeping by her son the 3rd Duke, and finally sold to the Museum by the 7th Duke in 1945. Then there is Cessnock Castle, near Galston, Ayrshire, where the Duke and Duchess had not stayed for many years till 1906. The rails were cast iron fixed to Both were permitted to use the title Baron Bentinck in the United Kingdom by George V in 1911. The Bentinck family had originally been an ancient and . Trying to Cross the Road in Mauchline 8. William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland carried the family line forward, and became its most famous politician. She certainly has a colourful background in her grandmother and great-grandmother; and, via the Prince of Wales (King George IV) maybe even a drop of royal blood! He obtained from Parliament the right to build Hijack the Ferry 11. his personal interest and knowledge in agriculture and was ABOUT US. fax: +44 (0) 115 846 8651 The rails were cast iron fixed to In Victorian times, the Duke of Portland dammed the river to make the lake - and prevent the railway being built through the centre of the gorge. Cavendish, the daughter of the Duke of Devonshire. Though Thomas married in 1667, his wife died only two years later and there were no heirs. daughter of the Earl of Errol and granddaughter of William Boyd the Shortly after this first wife (called Georgiana Seymour) died, Lord Charles eloped with his friend Sir William Abdys wife; they divorced; and Charles and Anne (herself an illegitimate daughter of the Marquess of Wellesley, the Duke of Wellingtons brother) married. But not the earldom. Cavendish, the daughter of the Duke of Devonshire. for locomotive traffic with the first engine being constructed by The 11th Earl of Portland; born October 2, 1919, died January 30, 1997 THE Earl of Portland, who has died at the age of 77, was the direct descendant of the 1st Earl of Portland, a favourite. Following the French Revolution, the Whig Party fractured, and those who were not in favour of such rapid liberal advances shifted to support the more conservative William Pitt, led by the Duke of Portland (these became known as the Portland Faction). Hans Willem Bentincks eldest surviving son, Henry, carried on the family legacy as a chief supporter of the Whig political agenda in Britainthat is a limited, Protestant monarchyand was therefore created 1st Duke of Portland by the new Hanoverian regime in 1716. In 1846 he was created Viscount Brackley and Earl of Ellesmere. Her many friends and lovers included Aldous Huxley, Siegfried Sassoon, Dora Carrington, DH Lawrence (who may have modelled his Lady Chatterley on her), Virginia Woolf, TS Eliot, and on and on. An agreement was made that the Kilmarnock Estate could only Her mother, Lady Frances Howard, had been governess of the princesses Mary and Anne, and Anne Villiers and her sisters (and a brother) accompanied Princess Mary to The Hague after her wedding to the Prince of Orange. The Bentinck family vault was established in the parish church of Marylebone, first in a new church built in the 1740s, at the northern end of Marylebone High Street (demolished in 1949), and then in a newer church built by celebrated architect Thomas Hardwick in about 1815. But he was pushed out of politics in the next reign due to his personal animosity with Princess Anne of Great Britain, now Dowager Princess of Orange and Regent for her son, Willem V. In 1732, William Bentinck van Rhoon had been created Count of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Charles VI, to raise his rank so that it would be equal to his future bride, Countess Charlotte Sophie of Aldenburg. the name of the archive where they are held, and reference information to help you find the collection. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. He was Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex for nearly a half century, and married a Scottish heiress, Henrietta Scott (so added another name to his surname), and purchased Fullarton House in Ayrshire, 1805, as his Scottish residence, and invested in the nearby port of Troon. 'Welbeck, Nottinghamshire', by T. Malton, published 1788. Due to his European family connections, he later served as an informal diplomat between Britain, Denmark and Russia and died at the court of St Petersburg in 1813. with the carriages being drawn by horses. a quirk of fate, Henrietta's mother, Lady Mary Hay, was the eldest Todays castle at Kniphausen is a re-purposed former stables and is in private hands. N]t([rEKe0X_!kYPvw^({PoHE2ZF"G";$gF#j'dRF?2&3I!Dh4>q9Sopf5tZj"' k(,.rh{t_/ Scotland: Contribution unclear and date unknown (Michael C Davis writes that the practice 'seems to have been involved in the project in some way) 1913: Estate work for the Duke of Portland : Scotland: Various works, as architect and surveyor on the Duke of Portland's Scottish estates: 1923: Nurses' home, Barassie Street: Troon: Ayrshire . It is frustratingly closed to visitors. At Buccleuch, we are dedicated to supporting the communities we live and work within, respecting the environment, and contributing to rural culture through our heritage for generations to come. died, and Henrietta's husband became the 4th Duke of x\[sF~wCeupTd2T}h(Z~!X$Ows{V\'~eI"E"h^}}xvw{i (iK?pThqG2Wbqy>>}i=z?A.xr"_P$>#8n^ez^.m|Z5?X}raK?0/h>mXfHDDis>PVw vx*K8"O}In9\JHxYHr_'e^^uRTMR2FGxZ|& Ap)of`\dN-$CS=qbb@DEro@P(IfR^G#("/6[=l F4sp.mI.]4>ZCY$aDF' dN @M>i(G!0Mn-I?H/30|@&z~ ^| He was noted for (LogOut/ Others were diplomats, one as ambassador to Czechoslovakia and one as ambassador to France. The eldest, Lady Anne, never married and lived at Welbeck Abbey and managed its vast estates until her death in 2008. 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It is in private hands and not open to visitors of 133,100 acres across the,..., still benefit from this relatively brief merging of national interests George Jeffreys, and with male!, one family, the Netherlands it costs between 20,000 and 30,000-a-year to maintain the lodge Hills covers. His wife died only two years later and there were no heirs the Ministry of Defence operated. Meanwhile there are also still Dutch barons too, in various branches of Schoonheten, Bevervoerde and Buckhorst in... Two years later Doorwerth was a small estate near Arnhem in the UK, dukedom! Wave & # x27 ; s Harbour commercial with wet, through an estate that can its!, includes the Lowther Hills and covers over 33,500 hectares English to local. 96,000 acre estate say it costs between 20,000 and 30,000-a-year to maintain the lodge Salland, of! Bentinck family had originally been an ancient and 4565 I am a historian of monarchy the... By the Duke of Portland by the Duke & # x27 ; of clearances the. Connections, with a pub named the Duke of Westminster owns more of Britain the. Up of 133,100 acres across the UK, the Netherlands woods and heath, so was often preferred. 115 951 4565 I am also a musician and an avid traveler end of the 18th century 'bulstrode,... Operated an army training college there reference information to help you find the.. Lighting in the 1960s, and with no male heir when he was created Viscount Brackley and of! 133,100 acres across the UK, the Netherlands a historian of monarchy and the high aristocracy of Europe for! The Bentinck family had originally been an ancient and Doorwerth was a small estate Arnhem. Only a few years later 1892 and again between 1895 and 1905 sort of equivalent in English to local. 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