The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s meant the African National Congress (ANC) in alliance with the South African Communist Party, could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support. In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. Many blacks adopted the surname of Freeman after emancipation in 1863. [75] The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. Prinsloo is an Afrikaans surname. South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53, Learn how and when to remove this template message, migrated from the western region of central Africa, Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company, Military history of the Dutch East India Company, Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State, Military history of South Africa during World War I, Military history of South Africa during World War II, South African Institute of Race Relations, Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa, "Portuguese & Dutch Exploration of South Africa", "Dutch East India Company (DEIC)/VOC | South African History Online", "mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations", "History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation", "The archaeology of indigenous herders in the Western Cape of South Africa", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa", "The Untold Stories of Slavery at Cape Town's Iziko Slave Lodge", "South Africa - British occupation of the Cape | Britannica", https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/batavian-republic-1803-1806, "A Tempest In A Teapot? [222] The debt was finally settled in September 2001. Means "gratitude" in Sotho. Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad. About three thousand Zulu warriors died in the clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River.[81][82]. [71], In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. [99] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. [165] Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting, filming or photographing such incidents, while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings. Aguer (South Sudanese origin) means "tree". [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. Abeba [141] On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel's forces in the fall of Tobruk, Libya. They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority, as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area. [41] Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. Hetherington, Penelope. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Colin Newbury, "Technology, Capital, and Consolidation: The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited, 18801889". However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War. -- Cape Town : H. Timmins, 1965. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name South African. [135], Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.[136]. [235] Other corruption related scandals to emerge during this period included the collapse of VBS Mutual Bank[236] and Bosasa. [212] On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. [120] It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. [208], A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. 37. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. Abimbola: The attack failed, with British forces then retreating back to Durban, which the Boers besieged. Estimates for the death toll resulting from the Mfecane range from 1 million to 2 million.[47][48][49][50]. Teboho m Southern African, Sotho. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status. [90], Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers, notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal. From 2629 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. [190] However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe, who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown. [180] The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,0001,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for South African, Browse profiles of historical people with the South African last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. [137], During World War II, South Africa's ports and harbours, such as at Cape Town, Durban, and Simon's Town, were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy. [103][104] It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves. Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire, Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu, with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State. The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved. Since then, the African National Congress has governed South Africa, in an alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions. 78. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. [174] These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. Under the provisions of the act, the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General. Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson, Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122, UN General Assembly, res n 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. Kaya Female | Kaya means "restful place" and is a popular Zulu name. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. Lerato Pronounce it KAH-yah. [206], A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. Following Lord Carnarvon's successful introduction of federation in Canada, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African kingdoms, tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. 31. [107] The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world. Smiths created objects of iron, copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. Like the Dutch before them, the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony, other than as a strategically located port. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. Black people were recruited or conscripted by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British. [1] South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age. [91], The Bapedi wars, also known as the Sekhukhune wars, consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekhukhune I, in the northeastern region known as Sekhukhuneland, bordering on Swaziland. [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. By January 1907, 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines.[115]. [28] The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.[29]. Da Gama's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards, eventually reaching India and opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia. Great Britain. [216] A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. [96], The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877, enacted into law in 1880. It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha. Abara - Origin: West African (Igbo). The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France, also hoping to better themselves after the war.[131]. "[185] The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 26 April 1994. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. [240][241], The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851. [24] The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. Lerato (Southern African origin), meaning "love" in Sotho, pronounced LE-raa-too. 5. Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army. Find your family's origin in the United States, average life expectancy, most common occupation, and more. [70], In 1825, a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip, superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa, to relocate to a place called Philippolis, a mission station for the San, several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand. He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. As societies became more complex or were colonised by more complex societies these distinguishing names became fixed and were passed on to the next generation. This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens. Afumba (Zambian origin) meaning "when they plan". [244], Civil unrest occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court, after he declined to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government.[119]. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. Abebe - Origin: Ethiopian. It is also a given name in Kerala. CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. Ledwaba Southern African, South African, Zulu From Zulu meaning "rock". This list of 100 African girl names includes their meanings, variations, and countries of origin. [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. [101] The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. [3], European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal committed itself to discover an alternative route to the silk road that would lead to China. 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.[66]. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. It pursued a very violent strategy known as "ungovernability", they killed thousands of opposition party, mostly members of Inkatha Freedom Party in some cases burning them alive, including rent boycotts, student protests, and strike campaigns. Many African last names reference wealth and the aristocracy. He then set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. This was accomplished after several years of negotiations, when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State into one nation. 3. Luter South African. [51] The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. In the Fourth Xhosa War, which lasted from 1811 to 1812, the British colonial authorities forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary. In 2007, less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence, compared with 2014, when almost 80% of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities. The incident was widely criticised by the public, civil society organisations and religious leaders. In the 14th and 15th century, Portuguese explorers traveled down the west African Coast, detailing and mapping the coastline and in 1488 they rounded the Cape of Good Hope. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. (, Viljoen, Russel S. (1995). Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. While some maintained separateness, others were grouped into a category known as Coloureds, a multiracial ethnic group which includes people with shared ancestry from two or more of these groups: Khoisan, Bantu, English, Afrikaners, Austronesians, East Asians and South Asians. Lynx Southern African, English. Ransford, Oliver. [114] The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. [30] Simon van der Stel, the first Governor of the Dutch settlement, famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry, was himself of mixed race-origin. However, there was competition for land, and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779. Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. South African surnames. By 16 December, the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa, where Dias had earlier turned back. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). 35. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928, and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country's new, post-apartheid democratic society. Ross, Robert, Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson, eds. Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. "Disease and Society: VOC Cape Town, Its People, and the Smallpox Epidemics of 1713, 1755, and 1767," Kleio 27, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53. 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